OTHER RESOURCES (b) Glossary of common terms used in the permissions process

GLOSSARY: Definitions listed below are defined for the purposes of the Academy of Management Permissions FAQ and may vary from the definitions available from commercial dictionaries.

• Adaptation modifies the original content.

• Copyright. A copyright protects the form of expression rather than the subject matter of the writing. The 1976 Copyright Act generally gives the owner of the copyright the exclusive right to reproduce the copyrighted work, to prepare derivative works, to distribute copies of the copyrighted work, to perform the copyrighted work publicly, or to display the copyrighted work publicly.

• Derivative Work. Primarily a new work that is based upon previously published material.

• Discussion. A formal discourse on a topic; pertaining to the text referred to in your article or book chapter.

• Excerpt. A limited portion of text that is not changed and is exactly reproduced. For details refer to question(s) in the FAQ section of this document.

• Fair Use. Although there are no set page counts or percentages that define the boundaries of fair use, a general rule of thumb used by some publishers is that consecutive text of less than 400 words, or 800 words from a single article could be considered fair use, provided that the purpose of such use is for criticism or comment of the article in question, and provided that the new work (article or chapter) does not become a substitute for, or make the purchase unnecessary of, the original copyrighted work. For details refer to the Fair Use FAQ question in this document.

• Intellectual Property. The term intellectual property refers broadly to the creations of the human mind. Intellectual property rights protect the interests of creators by giving them property rights over their creations. Intellectual property is usually divided into two branches, namely industrial property and copyright.

• International Copyright. There is no such thing as an "international copyright" that automatically protects a work throughout the world although more than 150 countries have ratified a treaty intended to accomplish as many of the benefits of "international copyright" as possible. Generally, if a work is protected in the U.S. it is protected in most countries because the U.S. adheres to the leading copyright convention, the Berne Convention, which is administered by the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO).

• Intranet. A private computer network that uses Internet technologies to securely share any part of an organization's information. An intranet can be understood as a private version of the Internet, or as a private extension of the Internet confined to an organization. An intranet site usually requires a log in name and password.

• Paraphrase. A restatement of a text or passage, using other words. A paraphrase typically explains or clarifies the text that is being paraphrased. For example, "The signal was red" might be paraphrased as "The train was not allowed to proceed." One feature of a paraphrase is that it preserves the essential meaning of the material being paraphrased. Permission is not needed from the Academy of Management to paraphrase text that is less than 400 words per paraphrase or 800 words or paraphrasing per article.

• Publication. According to the statute, "Publication is the distribution of copies of a work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. The offering to distribute copies to a group of persons for purposes of further distribution, public performance, or public display constitutes publication. A public performance or display of a work does not of itself constitute publication." Generally, publication occurs on the date on which copies of the work are first made available to the public.

• Republication. Refers to redistribution of the exact copy of the original content.

• Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text, likewise called a "translation," that communicates the same message in another language.